1.
A Study On Ticks And Hemoprotozoan Infections In Camels (Camelus Dromedarious) In District Dera Ismail
by Naimat Ullah | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Background
Pakistan is gifted with a large population of small ruminant including 58.3 and 27.4 million heads of goats and sheep respectively 2010.According to Livestock Census 2006, there were about 92164 sheep and 221912 goats' populations in Bannu district. Sheeps and goats are playing a leading role in the national economy by producing wool, skin, meat, milk and farm yard manure. Fasciolosis, parasitic gastrioenteritis, hydatidosis, coccidiosis, ectoparasitism, theleriosis and babesiosis are the major parasitic problems of small ruminants .There was an urgent need to carry out research on applied aspect leading control of parasites.
Study Objectives: The main objectives of the present study were;
(i) To have an overview on the overall prevalence of ectoparasites and endoparasites in small ruminants throughout the district by means of fecal tests.
(ii) To observe the affect of ecto and endoparasites on blood profile of the infected individuals.
Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that
¢ Parasitic diseases are highly prevalent in sheep and goat in District Bannu..
¢ External and internal parasites have significant effect on blood parameters.
Methodology and Results
During this study period 500 sheep and 500 goats were examined for endo and ectoparasites while using various fecal tests such as using direct microscopic examination, simple test tube flotation method and sedimentation method for endoparasites. Out of 500 goats and 500 sheep, 47 goats and 63 sheep were found positive for ectoparasites and percentage ratio was 9.4% in goats and 12.6% in sheep. Mostly, three types of ectoparasites were observed in both of cases i.e. goats and sheep (ticks, lice and mites). The total no. of positive cases found for ectoparasites in goats were 244 (ticks 10.2%, lice 30.4% and mites 8.2% in district Bannu). This result indicates a significant load of ectoparasites in this area of the country. Out of 149 positive cases of ecto-parasites in sheep; tick infection was 7.8% (39/500), lice 15.2% (76/500) and mite infection was 6.8% (34/500). Fecal samples of all 1000 animals were analyzed for the presence of endoparasites, out of which 90.6% goats and 87.4% sheep were found positive for endoparasites. Overall goats were more likely to be positive for Haemonchus Spp. and almost 50.2% (251/500) animals were found positive. The prevalence of other endo-parasites like Trichurus 5.6% (28/500), Strongyloid 4% (20/500), Coccidia 8.6% (43/500), Fasciola 12% (60/500) and Trichostrongyloide were 10.2% (51/500) while in case of sheep Haemonchus Spp. positivity was 33.2% (166/500). The prevalence of other Endo-parasites like Trichurus 6.8% (34/500), Strongyloid 2.4% (12/500), Coccidia 6.8% (34/500), Fasciola 10.6% (53/500) and Trichostrongyloide were 13.6% (68/500). The hematological profile of infected animals indicates high TLC and low hemoglobin level.
Conclusion
It is concluded that high prevalence was due to poor management and lack of knowledge about feeding, vaccination, hygienic conditions and lack of proper deworming programme. To overcome the problem it was necessary to educate the farmers about deworming programme and proper use of insecticides.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1593,T] (1).
2.
Identification Of Ticks And Tick-Borne Hemo-Parasitic Diseases Along With Therapeutic Trial Of Tick Infestation
by Sadaqat Ali | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1601,T] (1).
3.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Anaplasmosis In Clinically Affected Small Ruminants Of Distric Lahore.
by Akhtar Ali | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1610,T] (1).
4.
Identification Of Ticks And Tick Bornehemoparasitic Diseases In Equines Of District Lahore.
by Khadija Javed | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1651,T] (1).
5.
Levels Of Maternal Antibodies Against Pasteurella Multocida In New Born Buffalo Calves
by Muhammad Bilal | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Buffalo is called black gold. The buffalo is raised for meat and milk purpose in Pakistan.The buffalo calves are at risk of many infectious diseases. One of the most important diseases is Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS). Hemorrhagic septicemia is caused by Pasturellamultocida important strains in Asia are B:2 and B:2.5. Buffalo calves are more suspected to the Hemorrhagic septicemia than adults one. In Pakistan the high prevalence of 49% is in the rainy season (Farooqet al. 2007)
Clinically the signs of Hemorrhagic septicemia includes profuse salivation,pyrexia, respiratory distress, swelling in throat, discharge through nostrils, protrusion of tongue, edema in the brisket area as well as in forelegs. Hemorrhagic septicemia can be diagnosed on the bases of clinical signs and laboratory conformation by Gram staining and. Serum agglutination test, Counter immune-electrophoresis and ELISA techniques are also used.Enrofloxacine was found to be effective treatment in case Hemorrhagic septicemia. Best protection measure vaccination by alum precipitated vaccine (Boudewijn et al. 2008).
During the present study blood samples were collected from the calves at different intervals of times. Serum was separated from that blood and was analyzed by using Indirect Haemagglutination(IHA) Test to observe the antibodies titer in the blood.The data was analyzed to calculate geometric mean titer (GMT) of the antibodies. Immunity status is much important in the defense of disease especially in the newly born claves which are more at risk of infections.The result of present study showed geometric mean titer 16 in colostrum of vaccinated dams and their newly born claves showed 0, 3. 4, 7 and 3 at 0 hour, 72 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of their age. Colostrum of non-vaccinated dams showed GMT 8 and their newly born claves showed 0, 1. 3, 3 and 1 at 0 hour, 72 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of their age.The maternal antibodies which are produce in the body of mother are transferred to their calves.The calves given birth by the vaccinated dams receive much higher level of antibodies from their mother than the calves born from non-vaccinated dams. This antibodies production in non-vaccinated dams is because of the carrier status of hemorrhagic septicemia.The non-vaccinated dams which are not expose to the any type of HS infection or not expose to the vaccines, they do not produce antibodies against Pasturellamultocidaand also not transfer to their young babies after birth.
The present study showed that claves of vaccinated dams are much protected in their early period of life against hemorrhagic septicemia. Buffalo calves need quick and intense care at early age and they need quick vaccinations.
The high maternal antibodies level against Pasturellamultocidain vaccinated dams then in non-vaccinated dams antibodies levels in newly born buffalo calves remain effective for longer period.
This study suggested for the vaccination of dams not only for the protection of themselves but also for the protection of their newly born claves at the crucial period of their young age.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1807,T] (1).
6.
Clinico Bacteriological Investigation Of Mastitis Dairy Goats
by Muhammad Rizwan | Prof Dr Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr Muhammad Ijaz | Dr Sehrish | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1862,T] (1).
7.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Prevalence and Chemotherapy of Balantidium Coli in Sheep And Goats in And Around Lahore
by Mustafa jamil | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1885,T] (1).
8.
Comparative Efficacy Of Anthelmintics Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes In African Lion (Panthera Leo)
by Muhammad Usman Munir (2008-VA-141) | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Muhammad ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of Zental ( Albandazole) and Vermox (Mebandazole) against gastrointestinal nematodes like toxocara canis, toxocara mystax and toxascaris leonina in captive african lion (Panthera leo) kept in Lahore zoo, Lahor zoo safari, Bahawalpur zoo and Zain wildlife breeding farm Lahore because captive African lions are prone to different parasitic infestations.
A survey was carried out to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in captive African lion and it was found that toxocara canis, toxocara mystax and toxascara leonina are the most commonly prevailing gastrointestinal nematodes in captive African lions in above mentioned places. The overall incidence rate of toxocara canis was 82.5 %, of toxocara mystax was 60% and of toxocara leonina was 50% respectively.
The Anthelmintics trials were conducted on 14 animals which were divided into 2 groups A and B each having 7 animals.
Group A was treated with Zental (Albandazole), group B was treated with Vormox (mebendazole), The percentage efficacy of each drug was determined on the basis of reduction on number of eggs per gram of discharged in faeces at day 7, 10, 13, 16 and 22 after deworming.
In group A, decrease in EPG of toxocara canis in group A was 21.1% at day 7, 37.2% at day 10, 54.7% at day 13, 74.6% at day 16 and 88.8% at day 22. Decrease in EPG of toxocara mystax was 15.9% at day 7, 38.1% at day 10, 56.6% at day 13, 70.6% at day 16 and 82.7% at day 22.similarly decrease in EPG on toxocaris leonina was 15.6% at day 7, 29.2% at day 10, 45.6% at day 13, 61.1% at day 16 and 83.1% at day 22 respectively
In group B, decrease in EPG of toxocara canis in group A was 7.24% at day 7, 14.57% at day 10, 23.26% at day 13, 31.27% at day 16 and 38.08% at day 22. Decrease in
Summary
25
EPG of toxocara mystax was 16.38% at day 7, 22.4% at day 10, 29.6% at day 13, 34.3% at day 16 and 41.2% at day 22.similarly decrease in EPG on toxocaris leonina was 13.6% at day 7, 21.29% at day 10, 30.8% at day 13, 39.1% at day 16 and 47% at day 22 respectively.
Results showed that efficacy of Zental (Albendazole) against gastrointestinal nematodes in African lion was higher as compared to that of Vermox (Mebendazole). Also it was more effective than Vermox (mebendazole) against different parasitic stages of nematodes as evident from EPG count at various days after medication. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2270-T] (1).
9.
Comparative Potency Of Two Different Trivalent Vaccines Against Foot And Mouth Disease In Cattle Around The Area Of Ravi Campus Pattoki
by Muhammad Fahimullah Khan (2009-VA-137) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Jawad Nazir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious viral disease of all cloven footed animals.
The best control strategy of this disease is effective and in time vaccination. A successful
vaccination campaign depends on the serotype identification and specific vaccination against the
prevalent serotype of the virus. The present study was designed to evaluate comparative potency
of two anti-FMDV vaccines (UVAS-FMD, Deccivac Intervet) used in cattle around areas of
Lahore Pakistan. Blood samples were taken from vaccinated animals on day 0, 30, 60 and 90
post priming. Antibody titer was evaluated with different route of administration and various
adjuvant based vaccines. Four animal groups were made each containing 5 animals; in group 1
UVAS vaccine was used by Sub/ Cut route (gel based) at priming dose, followed by Intra
Muscular (oil) on 30th day. In group 2 UVAS vaccine was given I/M (oil) as priming dose and
booster (oil) I/M. In group 3 Deccivac (oil) vaccine was used I/M for priming and boosting. In
group 4 Deccivac (oil) vaccine was used as Sub/ Cut for priming and boosting. The results
revealed non-significant difference (p>0.05) among the four different groups administered with
FMDV vaccines when evaluated at day 30 and significant difference (p<0.05) at day 60 and 90
post vaccination. Analysis of variance showed significant difference (p<0.05) in antibodies
between groups and with in groups at day 60 and 90. Gel based vaccine gave quick antibody
response which later maintained with oil based booster dose. The difference in antibody titers
obtained in the present study was found non-significant (P>0.05) between the antibody titers of
FMD trivalent vaccine of UVAS and Deccivac at 90th day of inoculation. There was significant
difference (p<0.05) between the adjuvants of vaccine. Animals inoculated with priming dose of
gel based vaccine followed by oil based boosting showed significantly high anti FMD antibody
titer than animals inoculated with oil for both priming and boosting. There was significant
Summary
54
difference (p<0.05) between the groups vaccinated with various routes of administration. The
animals inoculated with priming dose through s/c followed by boosting dose i/m showed
significantly high anti FMD antibody titer at 90th day of inoculation compared with those
inoculated intramuscularly for both priming and boosting. The animals inoculated with oil based
vaccine for both priming and boosting through S/c showed marked significant decreased in anti
FMD antibody titer. The route of administration revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in
antibody response within groups and between groups at day 30, 60 and 90. In all three readings
the mean for sub/cut priming and IM boosting were found significantly high (p<0.05) as
compared to other routes. In conclusion it is recommend from the study that FMD vaccination
with sub/cut priming and booster dose with IM route. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2499-T] (1).
10.
Development And Evaluation Of Vaccines Prepared From Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates Of Camel Mastitis
by Amjad Islam Aqib (2013-VA-947) | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Riaz Hussain | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Development And Evaluation Of Vaccines Prepared From Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates Of Camel Mastitis Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2750-T] (1).
11.
Comparative Efficacy Of Mycotoxin Binders And Effects Of Aflatoxin B1 On Health Status Of Lactating Beetal Goats
by Haq Aman Ullah (2005-VA-180) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Aflatoxins are the secondary metabolites produced by moulds particularly by certain strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The most toxic is the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and is considered as Hepatocarcinogenic. In present study aflatoxin B1 contamination status of different concentrate feeds (cotton seed cake, wanda, wheat bran and homemade concentrate mixture) of dairy goats was investigated in district Lahore of Pakistan. Twenty goat farms were randomly selected and 40 feed samples (two from each farm) were collected. The samples were analysed for the estimation of AFB1 using reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in Quality Operations Laboratory, UVAS, Lahore. AFB1 was detected in 33 feed samples out of 40 thus with a percent contamination rate of 83%. The quantity of aflatoxin B1 ranged from 0-225.736 ppb (μg/kg). The maximum level of AFB1 was detected in cotton seed cake (mean level 137.059 ± 22.293 ppb) and minimum level was detected in wheat bran (mean level 5.676 ± 1.047 ppb). Amongst the positive concentrate feed samples, 28 samples (85% of the positive) were having the concentration of AFB1 higher than the permissible level recommended by European Communities which is 5 ppb for concentrates. Thus the milk from goats consuming AFB1 contaminated concentrate feed can be a potential hazard for public health. This part of the study fulfills the first objective of the research project, which is to determine the aflatoxin B1 contamination status of concentrate feeds of dairy goats in District Lahore.
Beetal is the best dairy goats’ breed of Pakistan. In second part of the study, lactating beetal goats were used. In this experiment, effects of dietary AFB1 on health status of lactating beetal goats and its transfer from feed into milk as metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) were investigated. Thirty two lactating beetal goats of 3-4yr old, 6-8 wks. lactation period and weighing 40.91 ± 0.285 Kg, were selected from Small Ruminant Farm, Pattoki, University of veterinary and Animal
97
Sciences Lahore, and were randomly divided into four groups A, B, C and D, each having 8 animals. Group A was kept as negative control, while groups B, C and D were fed with aflatoxin B1 through naturally contaminated cotton seed cake. The cotton seed cake was having high level of AFB1 which was 150 μg/kg. After 7 days of adaptation period, each animal of groups B, C and D was individually fed with 30μg, 40μg and 50μg of aflatoxin B1 per day respectively through naturally contaminated cotton seed cake for a 10 days period., thus each animal of groups B, C, and D was fed with 200 g, 266.66 g, and 333.33 g of cotton seed cake per day respectively, to provide the required amount of AFB1 to each experimental animal. Milk samples were collected 24hr before the first AFB1 feeding and on 3rd, 7th and 10th day post aflatoxin B1 feeding. The samples were tested for AFM1 through HPLC, somatic cell count (SCC) and total viable count (TVC). Blood samples were analyzed for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels before and after aflatoxin B1 administration. AFM1 was detected in all milk samples of the Groups B, C and D, with concentration beyond permissible level which is 0.05ppb (European communities).The amount of AFM1 excreted in milk was positively correlated with the amount of aflatoxin B1 ingested. The AFB1 was excreted in the milk as AFM1 at 1.35-1.59%. The mean SCC of groups A, B, C and D was 1.44×106 ± 1.75×105, 4.13×106 ± 4.09×105, 3.63×106 ± 4.60×105, 1.38×106 ± 1.56×105 cells/ml respectively. TVC obtained was 2.4×104 ± 1.9×103, 4.3×104 ± 1.6×103, 4.8×104 ± 3.3×103, 3.6×104 ± 3.3×103 cfu/ml of milk for group A, B, C and D respectively. The mean ALP levels were 62 ± 7, 223 ± 22, 147 ± 14, 175 ± 16 U/L for group A, B, C and D respectively. Mean levels of AST of group A, B, C and D were 79 ± 2.214, 110 ± 5.386, 104 ± 2.015, 126 ± 9.456 respectively. Mean levels of ALT of group A, B, C and D were 14 ± 0.326, 20 ± 1.118, 21 ± 1.106, 28 ± 1.250 U/L respectively. The ingestion of AFB1 even at low dose of 30μg in goats resulted in excretion
98
of AFM1 in milk beyond the permissible level. SCC, TVC, AST and ALT levels increased with ingestion of dietary AFB1. This part of the study fulfills the 2nd objective of the research project which is to investigate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 on health status of lactating beetal goats and its transfer from feed into milk as AFB1.
In the third part of the study, the efficacy of two different mycotoxin binders Toxfin® and Elitox® was determined, in terms of reduction in milk AFM1 excretion, improvement in milk quality and liver health. Groups A and B were kept negative and positive controls respectively. Experimental animals, cotton seed cake and number of groups remained the same as used in part 2 of the experiment. After initial 10 days of the experiment, each animal of groups B, C and D was daily fed with 266.66 g of cotton seed cake to provide 40 μg of AFB1 per day to each animal, for next 7 days. In the meantime, group C was fed with mycotoxin binder Toxfin® (Kemin industries, Inc. USA), at a dose rate of 3 g per Kg of cotton seed cake, while group D was fed with mycotoxin binder Elitox® (Impextraco Belgium ) at a dose rate of 1 g per Kg of cotton seed cake. Toxfin® and Elitox® both significantly decreased the excretion of AFM1 in goats’ milk, detected through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Toxfin® and Elitox® reduced the excretion of AFM1 in milk by 56 % and 48 % respectively, thus the detoxifying ability of Toxfin® in feed was significantly higher than Elitox®. The SCC and TVC remained statistically unchanged after the administration of mycotoxin binders. The enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were not significantly affected by the mycotoxin binders. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level significantly increased in animals receiving either Toxfin® or Elitox®. The mycotoxin binders used in this study were not able to significantly improve milk quality and liver’s health in AFB1 treated goats, during the experimental period. This part of the study fulfills the 3rd objective of the research project, which was to determine the comparative efficacy of two different mycotoxin binders in lactating goats fed with mold contaminated diet. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2860-T] (1).
